The Wanderer
Overview
The Wanderer is an Anglo-Saxon poem that dates back to the 10th century and is found in the Exeter Book. The poem is one of the most significant pieces of literature in Old English, and it has been studied and analyzed by scholars for many years. The Wanderer is an elegy, a poem that mourns the loss of someone or something, in this case, the loss of a lord and the speaker’s former way of life. It is a testament to the enduring power of literature to capture the human experience and offer meaning in the face of loss and uncertainty.
The Barley Riddle in the Exeter Book fol. 107v detail
Structure
The Wanderer is structured in three parts. The first part sets the scene and introduces the speaker, who is a warrior who has lost his lord and is forced to wander alone. The second part reflects on the transience of human life and the inevitability of death. The final part offers a message of hope and redemption, suggesting that even in the midst of loss and grief, there is a possibility of finding meaning and purpose.
Themes
The Wanderer explores themes of grief, loss, and the transience of human life. The speaker mourns the loss of his lord, his fellow warriors, and his former way of life. The poem also touches on the theme of exile, as the speaker is forced to wander alone, without a home or a community to call his own. The poem also reflects on the impermanence of human life, and the inevitability of death.
The Wanderer
‘Oft a solitary mortal wishes for grace,
his Maker’s mercy, though sick at heart
he must long traverse the watery ways,
with his hands must stir the rime – cold sea,
and tread the paths of exile. Fate is full stubborn!
So spoke the wanderer, mindful of miseries,
of hostile slaughters, of dear kinsmen’s fall: —
‘Oft must I alone each early morn
bewail my woes; there is none now living
to whom I dare openly reveal
mine inmost thoughts. Truly know I,
it is a noble virtue in a man
to bind fast the mind’s enclosure,
to guard his treasure-chamber, whatever he may think.
A weary mind cannot resist fate,
nor can a sad soul afford help:
wherefore they who yearn for glory oft bind fast
in their bosoms a troubled heart.
So must I often bind in chains my soul’s thoughts, miserably wretched,
deprived of country, far from my noble kin,
since the day, now long ago, when earth’s darkness
covered my bounteous friend, and I went from that place,
stricken with winters, over the frozen waves;
sad sought I the hall of some giver of treasure,
some place, far or near, where one I might find,
who in the mead-hall would show me love,
would comfort me in my friendlessness,
and cheer me with delights. He knoweth who trieth,
how dire is care as comrade to him who has few trusty friends.
His portion is the exile’s path, not twisted gold;
a body chilled with frost, naught of earth’s bliss;
he remembers the retainers and the receipt of treasure,
how in his youth his generous lord regaled him at the feast;
but all delight has fallen away!
For this he knows who must long
forego the wise counsels of his dear lord and friend,
that often when sorrow and sleep, both together,
bind him, poor solitary wretch,
it seems in his heart as though he clasps and kisses
his great lord, and on his knee lays
hand and head, even as when,
in former days, he shared the gift-givers throne.
Then wakes again the friendless wight,
sees before him the fallow ways,
sea-birds bathing and spreading their wings,
falling hoar-frost and snow mingled with hail.
Then the wounds of his heart become the heavier,
in grief for the loved one; his sorrow is renewed,
when the memory of kinsmen passes through his mind;
he greets them with joy, he scans them eagerly,
comrades of heroes soon they swim away;
the sailor-souls do not bring there
many old familiar songs, his grief is renewed,
who must too often send forth his weary spirit
o’er the frozen waves.
Truly I cannot imagine, as I survey this world,
why my mind should not be saddened, when I fully consider
the life of earls, how they have suddenly resigned their halls,
brave-hearted fellows! So day by day
this middle-earth declines and falls,
for mortals cannot grow wise until he lives his years
portion in the world.
A wise man must be patient;
he must not be too passionate, not too hasty of speech,
not too timid a warrior, neither too rash,
not too afraid, nor too exultant, nor too greedy of money,
never too ready to boast ere he know full well.
A man must pause when he utters a boast,
until, for all his magnanimity, he really knows
whether his heart’s meditation will tend.
A wise man must grasp how ghastly it will be,
when all the wealth of this world stands waste,
even as now throughout this middle-earth
many a wall stands wind-beaten,
covered with rime, the hedges uprooted.
The guest-halls crumble; the masters lie bereft
of joy; the warrior – band has all fallen,
once so stately at the rampart; war seized some
and carried them on their way hence; one a bird bore off
over the deep sea; another the grey wolf
apportioned unto death; a third a sad-faced
lord imprisoned within an earth-cave.
Thus did the Creator of men lay waste this abode,
until, deprived of the noise of its inhabitants,
the ancient buildings of the giants stood empty.
Wherefore he who reflects well, with wise contemplation,
on this walled place and this dark life, sagacious of spirit,
oft calls back to mind many a fatal fight, and breaks forth in these words:
Where is gone the horse? Where is gone the hero?
Where is gone the giver of treasure?
Where are gone the seats of the feast? Where are the joys of the hall?
Ah, thou bright cup! Ah, thou mailed warrior!
Ah, the prince’s pride! How has the time passed away,
has darkened beneath the veil of night, as if it had not been!
Where once loved warriors trod, now stands a wondrous high wall,
glistening with worm-shapes;
the might of the spears, slaughter-loving weapons,
has swept off the nobles, theirs was a glorious fate,
but storms lash the rocky slopes,
and falling snow-drift binds the earth, all winter’s terror,
when night’s shadow comes darkling, and summons from the north
fierce hail-storms, to the grievance of men.
All the realm of earth is full of hardships;
fate’s decree changes the world beneath the heavens.
Here wealth passes away, here friend passes away,
here man passes away, here woman passes away,
all this earth’s structure becomes empty.
So spoke the wise of heart; he sat apart in thought.
Worthy is he who keeps his faith; a man must never too rashly
divulge his bosom’s grief, unless he know beforehand bravely to find its cure.
Well is it with him who seeks grace, solace of the Father in Heaven,
with whom rests all our security!
Related Topics
Further Research & References
Bosworth Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary online – https://bosworthtoller.com/
Elliott van Kirk Dobbie and George Philip Krapp, eds, The Exeter Book, Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records 3 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936).
The Exeter Book. United Kingdom, Early English Text Society, 1895. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=UPMyAQAAMAAJ&pg=GBS.PA287&hl=en
Hopkins, Jeffrey. “The Wanderer: An Anglo-Saxon Poem” The Virginia Quarterly Review, vol. 53, no. 2, 1977, https://www.vqronline.org/essay/wanderer-anglo-saxon-poem-translated-jeffrey-hopkins.
Richardson, John, trans. The Exeter Book: The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records in Modern Verse, Vol. 3. 2022.
Williamson, Craig, ed. The Old English Riddles of The Exeter Book. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977.
Photos:
© Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons. [cropped]